3.4.1

Mapping China’s security engagement

Soldiers of the Chinese PLA
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Paramilitary activity
New Zealand
2025
Research vessel embarks on a major joint scientific mission with New Zealand researchers.
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Other
New Zealand
2022
Reporting that Chinese police centre operates in NZ, linked to grassroots Chinese security cooperation/United Front channels.
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Extended deployment
New Zealand
2019
Chinese naval training ship visits as part of a major Asia-Pacific training mission.
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Treaty / Agreement / MoU
New Zealand
2019
China-New Zealand Defence Cooperation Arrangement - establishes a framework for dialogue and collaboration.
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Extended deployment
New Zealand
2017
A task force including two frigates and a replenishment ship conduct goodwill visits, engaging in drills with the NZ Navy.
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Military exercises
New Zealand
2016
Exercise Tropic Twilight - exercise in Wellington focused on disaster relief operations.
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Military exercises
New Zealand
2018
Exercise Skytrain - first joint air exercise between the Royal New Zealand Air Force and the Chinese PLA Air Force.
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Military exercises
New Zealand
2018
Exercise Tropic Twilight - Army engineers work together in Vanuatu to build health facilities.
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Extended deployment
New Zealand
2016
Chinese frigate visits for the Royal New Zealand Navy's 75th Anniversary International Naval Review.
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Extended deployment
New Zealand
2016
Chinese space-tracking vessel visits New Zealand for replenishment.
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Military exercises
New Zealand
2016
Exercise Cooperation Spirit - annual, multilateral tabletop exercise focused on disaster relief operations and humanitarian aid.
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Defence diplomacy
New Zealand
2024
Strategic dialogue between the Chinese and New Zealand militaries is held in Wellington.
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Defence diplomacy
New Zealand
2023
The 11th strategic dialogue between the Chinese and New Zealand militaries is held in China.
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Defence diplomacy
New Zealand
2019
The 10th strategic dialogue between the Chinese and New Zealand militaries is held in Wellington.
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Defence diplomacy
New Zealand
2018
Strategic dialogue between the Chinese and New Zealand militaries is held.
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Defence diplomacy
New Zealand
2016
Regular senior-official–level defence dialogue continues, building on frameworks established in the 2000s.
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Defence diplomacy
New Zealand
2017
Senior military dialogue, focused on regional security, transparency, and confidence-building.
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Paramilitary activity
Australia
2025
Chinese research trip conducts deep-sea research, raising dual-use intelligence concerns due to advanced seabed mapping.
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Paramilitary activity
Australia
2023
Chinese research ship undertakes oceanographic research and deviates around Australia during transit from New Zealand.
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Paramilitary activity
Australia
2020
Chinese research ship conducts surveys, including in areas relevant to submarine operations and undersea cables.
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Other
Australia
2018
A police contact point linked to Wenzhou authorities was established, becoming a concern regarding undeclared policing activity.
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Policing cooperation
Australia
2019
Chinese police interview Australian resident. After the interview, she was escorted back to China for prosecution.
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Policing cooperation
Australia
2016
Between 2016 and 2019, the AFP allowed Chinese MPS officers to operate in Australia under strict guidelines .
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Treaty / Agreement / MoU
Australia
2017
AFP–MPS Joint Agency Arrangement on Economic Crime Cooperation - facilitating cooperation on economic crime investigations.
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Extended deployment
Australia
2025
Task Group 107 conduct a wide-ranging deployment around Australia’s coastline and conduct live fire exerises.
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Extended deployment
Australia
2023
Talisman Sabre monitoring - Intelligence vessels track the exercise and subsequently sailed as far south as Sydney.
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Extended deployment
Australia
2022
Intelligence ship Haiwangxing operates near the Harold E. Holt naval communications station.
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Extended deployment
Australia
2021
Talisman Sabre monitoring - Two PLA Navy intelligence-gathering ships tracked the exercise.
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Extended deployment
Australia
2019
PLAN task group visit to Sydney - Three ships from the 31st escort taskforce visited Sydney following Middle East deployments.
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Extended deployment
Australia
2017
Intelligence collection during Talisman Sabre - A intelligence ship monitors the exercise from international waters.
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Extended deployment
Australia
2019
Talisman Sabre monitoring - An intelligence vessel observed the exercise, including within Australia’s EEZ.
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Extended deployment
Australia
2017
PLAN escort flotilla visit to Sydney - Frigates Hengyang and Yulin, and supply ship Honghu, visited Garden Island Naval Base.
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Extended deployment
Australia
2016
PLAN 152 world tour - Task group conducts a port visit to Brisbane in January 2016 for resupply and rest.
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Military exercises
Australia
2019
Exercise Pandaroo held iin China, the final bilateral exercise before the suspension of most military training activities.
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Military exercises
Australia
2018
Exercise Kakadu - PLA Navy participated in Australia’s multinational maritime exercise, engaging maritime cooperation activities.
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Military exercises
Australia
2018
Exercise Pandaroo held in Canberra continuing the pattern of low-end bilateral army cooperation.
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Military exercises
Australia
2017
Exercise Pandaroo - First bilateral exercise held in China, reinforcing reciprocal engagement.
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Military exercises
Australia
2017
Exercise Kowari - Continued trilateral survival training in northern Australia.
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Defence diplomacy
Australia
2024
Working level dialogue takes place in Beijing to continue efforts to restore structured communication.
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Military exercises
Australia
2016
Exercise Kowari - land-based survival exercise involving the PLA, Australian Army, and US forces.
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Military exercises
Australia
2016
Exercise Pandaroo - Bilateral army exercise emphasising adventure training and cultural exchange.
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Defence diplomacy
Australia
2023
Working level defence dialogue takes place in Canberra, the first formal military-to-military dialogue since 2019.
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Defence diplomacy
Australia
2025
The first senior level defence dialogue since 2019, signalling partial resumption of senior-level defence engagement.
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Defence diplomacy
Australia
2019
Defence Strategic Dialogue held in Sydney, the final dialogue before a prolonged pause in defence engagement.
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Defence diplomacy
Australia
2018
21st Defence Strategic Dialogue takes place in Beijing, focused on regional security and maritime issues.
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Defence diplomacy
Australia
2017
Australia and China conduct defence dialogues at senior official and working levels.
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Defence diplomacy
Australia
2016
Australia and China conduct long-standing formal defence dialogues at senior official and working levels.
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Defence diplomacy
Australia
2017
Australia and China hold the Foreign and Strategic Dialogue which include defence and regional security discussions.
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Defence diplomacy
Australia
2016
PLA officers undertake study programs at Australian service colleges. ADF personnel visit Chinese military academic institutions.
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China’s excessive claims and sensitive areas

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3.4.2

Trends and analysis